Rio Tinto — company, asset and project record

Rio Tinto is reported through the Rio Tinto plc / Rio Tinto Limited dual-listed-company structure. This record uses ASX: RIO only as a listing reference: it does not treat the Australian listing as a substitute for the Group's legal entities, joint-venture interests, operators, accounting treatment or asset-level reporting bases.

Reporting period and source boundary

Reading labels used throughout

Group reporting architecture

Rio's annual reports use product-group and Group reporting layers that should not be silently interchanged. Iron Ore, Aluminium, Copper and Minerals are the principal product-group lanes in the earlier part of the five-year period; FY2025 additionally describes a unified Iron Ore business intended to include Pilbara, IOC and Simandou once Simandou is fully operational. That intended management structure does not make Simandou FY2025 Pilbara production. [AR25 pp.15–16, 30–31]

The operating map below is a reader map, not a production-allocation table. For example, the Pilbara system is described as an integrated network of mines, rail and ports; its aggregate tonnes are not reassigned to every named mine. IOC pellet/concentrate, Dampier Salt, bauxite, alumina, primary aluminium, mined/refined copper and mineral-products each retain their own units and reporting boundaries. [AR22 p.36; AR23 pp.32–39; AR24 pp.24–31]

The following chronology retains material corporate, ownership, approval, construction, opening, divestment and reporting-boundary events found in the five annual reports. It deliberately separates an event from any subsequent production, resource or reserve disclosure.

FY2021 — replacement mines, lithium agreement and project boundaries

FY2022 — Oyu ownership, Rincon acquisition and mine ramp-up

FY2023 — Simandou capitalisation, Oyu underground production and La Granja transaction

FY2024 — Arcadium agreement, Simandou construction and operational boundaries

FY2025 — Arcadium completion, new iron-ore openings and commissioning milestones

Rio's annual reports present a portfolio that spans integrated mines and logistics, processing plants, joint ventures, non-managed interests, construction projects, technology programmes and closure/rehabilitation estates. The following map makes those categories explicit before the asset-level sections.

Ownership, operator and accounting boundary

The report does not use an ownership percentage as a shortcut for operator, production entitlement or accounting basis. Examples in the five-year record include Hope Downs (50% production-row interest in FY2022), Robe River/West Angelas (53% production-row interest in FY2022), IOC (58.72% FY2022), Oyu Tolgoi (Rio direct interest 66% after the December 2022 Turquoise Hill transaction), Escondida (30% non-managed interest in FY2024/FY2025) and La Granja (45% retained after sale of 55% in FY2023). The individual asset sections retain the relevant year and source context rather than convert any of these to a common basis. [AR22 pp.32–33, 40; production appendix printed page not preserved; AR23 pp.30–31; AR24 pp.28–29; AR25 pp.28–29]

Group financial and capital record

All values below are US dollars and billions unless marked otherwise. The table preserves the names used in the annual reports; it does not calculate a valuation, estimate a target price or treat differently defined capital metrics as identical.

FY2025 capital-measure reconciliation boundary

The FY2025 annual report discloses several capital measures. They are recorded below as separate source measures, not as a reconciled single series.

Reconciliation warning. The US$11.5bn category arithmetic is a rounded category presentation, while the three measures above have different stated definitions and/or bases. No residual, variance explanation or conversion is calculated here unless Rio Tinto expressly provides it in the cited disclosure.

Comparability note. `Capital expenditure`, `Rio-share capital investment` and `cash purchases of PP&E/intangibles` are differently defined numbers in the FY2025 report. They are displayed separately rather than reduced to one unlabelled capex series. Similarly, FY2021–FY2022 free-cash-flow values are not extended with an unverified FY2023–FY2025 substitute. [AR21 Financial review; AR22 pp.26–31; AR25 pp.18–25]

Product-group production bridge

This is a five-year reader bridge for principal disclosed products. It is not a mine-by-mine allocation. The basis changes visible in the annual reports are retained in the table instead of being normalised through inference.

Product-group financial context at the start of the period and FY2025

The retained FY2021 and annual-report records provide the following product-group financial markers. These are shown as reported group/product measures, never reallocated to individual assets.

The intervening years' business-group financial detail is retained with their annual-report records and is used in the relevant asset sections; it is not compressed here into a fabricated continuous mine-level earnings series. For example, FY2022 Iron Ore revenue/underlying EBITDA were US$30.906bn/US$18.612bn, Aluminium US$14.109bn/US$3.672bn and Copper US$6.699bn/US$2.376bn; FY2023 Iron Ore revenue/underlying EBITDA were US$32.2bn/US$20.0bn. [AR22 pp.36, 38, 40; AR23 pp.32–33]

Financial and production comparison rules

1. A fall or rise across columns is a reported historical comparison, not a forecast or an explanation unless Rio stated one in that same reporting lane. 2. Pilbara 100%-basis tonnes, Rio-share tonnes, refined product, ore, concentrate, salt, bauxite, alumina and aluminium remain separate units/bases. 3. The FY2023 copper figure is consolidated, while FY2021–FY2022 are Rio-share figures; no arithmetic growth rate is calculated across that boundary. 4. Arcadium production and technical inventory are not placed into FY2024 Rio historical series before the 6 March 2025 acquisition completion. 5. A resource/reserve, approved capacity or commissioning percentage does not replace actual annual production.

Evidence and comparison rules for this record

This section follows the physical and reporting structure disclosed in Rio Tinto’s FY2021–FY2025 annual reports. It is an operating and technical record, not a valuation or production forecast. The annual reports describe Pilbara as an integrated mine–rail–port system. Consequently, a Pilbara system total is retained as a system total; it is not divided between named mines by arithmetic. Similarly, a production row, a Mineral Resource (MR), an Ore Reserve (OR), a capacity, a commissioning milestone and an ownership interest remain separate records.

Unless another basis is stated, Pilbara production and shipments below are 100% system basis. “Rio share” is the separately published attributable/product row and must not be compared to a 100%-basis total without an explicit basis adjustment. IOC pellets/concentrates and Dampier Salt are separate products and are not added to Pilbara iron-ore tonnes. A blank asset-year lane means the retained annual-report evidence did not disclose a separate figure; it does not mean nil production, no resource or a closed facility.

System identity and infrastructure boundary

Rio describes the Pilbara system as 17 mines, four port terminals and approximately 1,900–2,000 kilometres of rail, depending on the annual-report description. The mine list, rail, Cape Lambert and Dampier port infrastructure, power system and autonomous-haulage system are operationally linked. This is why the annual reports commonly present a single Pilbara production and shipment measure. The system has to be read alongside, rather than replaced by, named production rows for Hamersley, Hope Downs, Robe Valley and West Angelas where those were disclosed.

Pilbara product-group context — not individual-mine performance

Named operating mines, mine groups and replacement projects

The table preserves the names that belong to the Pilbara asset universe. A mine name is not given a fabricated annual output merely because it belongs to the system.

Pilbara rail, ports, power and autonomous-haulage system

Pilbara Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves — technical records kept apart from production

The annual reports disclose technical schedules at 31 December. Mineral Resources are additional to/exclusive of Ore Reserves under the stated general convention; neither category is production. Differences across years can reflect depletion, design, cut-off, approvals, heritage/environmental boundaries, classification or methodology. No five-year mine-level technical change is calculated here where a matched row was not retained.

5.1 Iron Ore Company of Canada (IOC) — mine, concentrator, pellet plant, rail and Sept-Îles port

Identity and reporting boundary

IOC is the Canadian Carol Lake mine/concentrator/pellet/rail/port system. Its pellets and concentrates are reported separately from Pilbara and have appeared in Rio’s Minerals reporting lane due to management structure. It is never added to Pilbara mine production in this record. Rio’s year-end interest is 58.7% in FY2021 and FY2025, and 58.72% in the FY2022 detailed annual-report records; the change in decimal presentation is not treated as a change in interest.

IOC physical components

5.2 Dampier Salt — Lake MacLeod, Lake Lefroy and Port Hedland

Dampier Salt has been reported within the Iron Ore management context but salt production is neither Pilbara iron-ore production nor an iron-ore resource/reserve category.

Project identity and boundary between mine and common infrastructure

Simandou is a Guinea iron-ore development and production project, not a Pilbara satellite. Its reporting management lane changed over the five-year period: the FY2021–22 annual reports placed it in Copper due to management structure; FY2023 moved responsibility to the Chief Technical Officer; FY2025 described an intended unified Iron Ore business once Simandou is fully operational. These are reporting-structure facts, not a restatement of historic iron-ore production.

The mine and the shared logistics system are distinct. SimFer develops, owns and operates the Blocks 3 and 4 mine; WCS is the common-infrastructure entity for the mainline rail and barge port. No common rail/port ownership percentage is substituted for the SimFer mine interest or vice versa.

Five-year Simandou / SimFer / WCS chronology

Simandou production and technical record

Compact source notes

• AR21 — Rio Tinto Annual Report 2021: Metals and minerals production p.351; Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves p.353; Mines and Production Facilities pp.378–380. Selected Iron Ore narrative-page boundaries were not preserved in the cited annual report.
• AR22 — Rio Tinto Annual Report 2022: Iron Ore review p.36; portfolio/project context pp.18, 32–33; Minerals/IOC review p.42; production and technical appendices (printed page not retained in the cited annual reports).
• AR23 — Rio Tinto Annual Report 2023: Iron Ore pp.32–33; IOC pp.38–39; production p.297; technical schedules pp.299–323; Simandou project record p.30.
• AR24 — Rio Tinto Annual Report 2024: Iron Ore pp.24–25 and p.275; Simandou construction pp.22–23; MR/OR schedules pp.277–301.
• AR25 — Rio Tinto Annual Report 2025: Iron Ore and Simandou pp.25–26, 30–31; production pp.276–277; MR/OR schedules pp.278–303; ownership/properties schedule pp.304 onward.

Reading boundary

Rio Tinto’s annual reports present the aluminium portfolio as a value chain: bauxite mines, alumina refineries, primary-aluminium smelters and, from FY2023, an equity-accounted recycled-metal/casting business. The annual-report production appendix uses Rio Tinto-share production for the headline product figures, but individual facility rows can be reported on a 100%-basis and a Rio-share basis. Capacity, construction, ownership, commercial agreements and primary-metal production therefore remain separate records below. A facility that is named but lacks a separately disclosed operating figure for a year is marked not separately disclosed in the cited annual reports, not zero.

Gove is particularly important to read correctly. It has a bauxite production row in the FY2021–FY2022 appendices, while its alumina-refinery closure and residue/rehabilitation work are a separate closure lane. Neither closure work nor a change in safety-reporting perimeter is evidence of zero mine production.

Five-year product-chain production record

Comparability note. The 2021 values are rounded headline product-group figures; later values are reported to three decimals in the retained production tables. They are production, not sales, capacity, Mineral Resources or Ore Reserves. They should not be added to individual facility totals without retaining the 100%-basis/Rio-share boundary.

7.1 FY2021–FY2025 aluminium chronology

7.2 Bauxite mines, logistics and rehabilitation

Weipa, East Weipa, Andoom, Amrun and Kangwinan — Queensland, Australia

The annual reports treat Weipa and Amrun as bauxite-source operations in the Australian aluminium chain. They do not permit the group bauxite total to be reverse-allocated across Weipa, Amrun, East Weipa, Andoom or Kangwinan. FY2021–FY2022 appendices do provide a Weipa production row; technical schedules carry separate resource/reserve records for Amrun and East Weipa & Andoom.

Asset-state note. Amrun and Weipa were operating bauxite sources through the period. Kangwinan is not an operating production row in the retained FY2024–FY2025 evidence; it is an expansion/study lane. North of Weipa appears in the FY2022 resource schedule, not as a production operation.

Gove mine and refinery/rehabilitation estate — Northern Territory, Australia

The refinery closure and rehabilitation estate must not be represented as a claim that all Gove mining ceased, or as a zero-filled bauxite line. The retained evidence instead shows a production row in 2021–2022 and a distinct closure/rehabilitation record thereafter.

CBG Sangarédi mine and Kamsar rail/port — Guinea

CBG is a bauxite mine-to-port system. The annual-report production note distinguishes the 23% shareholding from a stated 45% production benefit; those concepts are not interchangeable.

MRN Porto Trombetas — Brazil

7.3 Alumina refineries

FY2021–FY2022 facility production rows

Refinery and process-project record, FY2023–FY2025

The relevant facility total must never be added to bauxite output or to primary metal. Refinery tonnes are alumina, whereas bauxite and aluminium have different product definitions and units.

7.4 Primary aluminium, AP60, ELYSIS and circular-metal facilities

Smelter production rows retained for FY2021–FY2022

Interpretation boundary. The table preserves reporting-year interests. Boyne’s 73.5% ownership reported in November 2024 must not be used to restate its 2021–2022 production-share lines. The FY2023–FY2025 group metal totals are not allocated to each smelter because the retained annual-report rows do not support that allocation.

Technology, capacity and investment chronology

7.5 Fixed aluminium coverage register and five-year status

This register ensures that named facilities are not silently lost because the annual report provides group-level figures rather than a standalone metric every year.

7.6 Bauxite resources and reserves — what can and cannot be compared

The figures above are deliberately not converted into a “five-year reserve change” percentage. The reported bases include different quality measures (Al2O3, available alumina, reactive silica), moisture conventions, ownership, recoverable-mineral language and, for the FY2025 aggregate, a different grouping level. A valid arithmetic comparison requires all of those fields to match.

Reading boundary and acquisition timeline

Rio’s lithium record has two separate acquisition boundaries. Rincon was agreed in December 2021 and acquired in March 2022. Arcadium Lithium was agreed/disclosed during FY2024 but the acquisition completed on 6 March 2025. Consequently, Fénix, Olaroz, Sal de Vida, Cauchari, Mt Cattlin, Galaxy, Whabouchi and the chemical-facility chain are not Rio-owned FY2021–FY2024 operating output, resource or reserve rows. They enter Rio’s reporting perimeter only from the FY2025 completion boundary, with production before completion explicitly distinguished.

8.1 Five-year lithium record

8.2 Rincon — Argentina brine project

8.3 Arcadium-brine portfolio — Fénix, Olaroz, Sal de Vida and Cauchari

Brine comparability note. The FY2025 annual report says lithium-brine Mineral Resources are disclosed inclusive of Ore Reserves, unlike the usual Resources-additional-to-Reserves convention. This is why a brine resource/reserve table must not be added, treated as two separate inventories or compared mechanically with hard-rock mineral-resource reporting.

8.4 Hard-rock projects — Mt Cattlin, Galaxy and Whabouchi

Hard-rock ore tonnage/grade is a different technical disclosure from brine LCE reserve quantities. It is not converted to LCE in this record because the annual-report disclosure, processing assumptions and recoverability basis would have to be kept explicit.

8.5 Chemicals, conversion facilities and supply-chain projects

8.6 Lithium coverage register and status map

Compact source notes

• Rio Tinto Annual Report 2021: Aluminium business review; Metals and minerals production p.351; Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves p.353; Mines and production facilities pp.378–380. The available page references do not identify a separate printed-page boundary for every business-review fact.
• Rio Tinto Annual Report 2022: Portfolio management pp.32–33; Aluminium p.38; Minerals p.42; production, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves appendix (printed page not preserved in the cited annual report).
• Rio Tinto Annual Report 2023: Portfolio management pp.30–31; Aluminium pp.34–35; Metals and minerals production p.297; Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves pp.299–323; Mines and production facilities pp.324 onward.
• Rio Tinto Annual Report 2024: Portfolio/capital discussion pp.22–23; Aluminium pp.26–27; production p.275; Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves pp.277–301; sustainability/closure pp.35–86.
• Rio Tinto Annual Report 2025: Portfolio, Aluminium & Lithium pp.15–27; product tables pp.276–277; Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves pp.278–303; operations/ownership schedule pp.304 onward; closure/sustainability pp.48–58.

All source notes refer to Rio Tinto’s own annual-report documents. They identify document and printed-page range where retained, using company-hosted source documents and printed-page ranges.

Reading rules for this section

This is an asset record from Rio Tinto’s FY2021–FY2025 annual reports, not a copper-equity valuation or production forecast. The company’s reported copper totals change basis across the period: FY2021 and annual-report records retain Rio Tinto-share mined/refined copper, whereas FY2023–FY2025 retained records identify consolidated mined copper. They are displayed as reported and are not made into an artificial like-for-like series. Production, Mineral Resources (MR), Ore Reserves (OR), ownership, operation, construction and guidance are separate facts.

Source note: Rio Tinto Annual Reports 2021, Copper review and production appendix p.351; 2022 p.40 and production appendix; 2023 pp.36–37, 297; 2024 pp.28–29, 275; 2025 pp.28–29, 276–277.

Oyu Tolgoi, Mongolia — open pit, underground mine and enabling infrastructure

Identity, interest and reporting boundary. Oyu Tolgoi combines the Oyut open pit with the Hugo Dummett North underground development. Rio reported a 34% effective interest and full consolidation through management control in FY2021; the production appendix’s FY2021 row used a 33.5% indirect interest through Turquoise Hill Resources. On 16 December 2022, Rio completed the Turquoise Hill acquisition and its direct interest became 66%. This changes neither the physical mine nor the earlier production-table percentage. The retained FY2025 record still gives a 66% direct interest. No year in this record treats an ownership percentage as a production conversion factor unless that exact percentage was used in the source table.

Oyu Tolgoi technical record: Ore Reserves and comparison boundaries

Kennecott, United States — Bingham Canyon mine, concentrator, smelter and refinery

Operating-system boundary. The annual reports refer to Kennecott/Bingham Canyon in an integrated mine–concentrator–smelter–refinery context. The record below does not assign refined metal to the mine or imply that every mine interruption applied to the refinery. Rio’s reported interest is 100% in the retained FY2022 and FY2025 records.

Escondida, Chile — non-managed 30% interest

Rio’s Escondida interest is consistently a 30% non-managed interest in the retained annual-report record. It is equity-accounted/non-operated and must not be described as Rio-operated output. Asset production is therefore shown on the stated total and Rio-share basis only where a source row preserved both.

Winu, Western Australia — copper-gold-silver project

Resolution Copper, Arizona — permitting and land-exchange pathway

La Granja, Peru — non-managed development interest

Nuton — copper processing technology

Copper coverage register and technical safeguards

Compact source notes

• Rio Tinto reports: Annual Report 2021 — Copper review; production appendix p.351; Ore Reserves p.353; mines/facilities pp.378–380.
• Rio Tinto reports: Annual Report 2022 — Copper review p.40; portfolio/project record pp.32–34; production appendix and technical schedules as labelled in the report.
• Rio Tinto reports: Annual Report 2023 — Copper pp.36–37; production p.297; MR/OR pp.299–323; properties/ownership schedule pp.324 onward.
• Rio Tinto reports: Annual Report 2024 — Copper pp.28–29; production p.275; MR/OR pp.277–301.
• Rio Tinto reports: Annual Report 2025 — Copper pp.28–29; capital-project context pp.25–26; production pp.276–277; MR/OR pp.278–303; properties/ownership schedule pp.304 onward.

This section is a transformed, source-attributed synthesis of FY2021–FY2025 annual-report evidence. It contains no investment recommendation, valuation, price target or implied project probability.

How to read this section

This section follows the `Other` and closure-oriented lanes in the five Rio Tinto annual reports for years ended 31 December 2021–2025. It deliberately keeps four things apart: (1) a production result, (2) a Mineral Resource or Ore Reserve, (3) a project, sale review or ownership event, and (4) rehabilitation or a financial closure provision. A blank cell means that the retained annual-report evidence did not contain a safely separable asset-year fact; it does not mean nil production, nil resources or a closure.

Five-year operating and portfolio chronology

Asset status and reporting boundaries

Lac Tio and Sorel-Tracy. Lac Tio (mine) and Sorel-Tracy (processing complex) are a linked but non-identical mining-and-processing chain. The five annual reports disclose titanium-dioxide-slag at the product-group level and place the facilities in Iron & Titanium context. They do not, in the retained evidence, provide a comparable Lac Tio mine-only output for every year. The report should therefore show the FY2021–FY2023 TiO2-slag figures as product-lane disclosure and identify FY2024–FY2025 status, rather than manufacture an annual mine series.

RBM and QMM. RBM and QMM are mineral-sands assets with different country, interest, operating and technical-reporting boundaries. RBM's FY2021 security disruption, 2022 load-shedding and solar PPA are distinct events. QMM's FY2021 solar/wind construction is also a distinct capital and energy fact. Neither is evidence that either asset produced the combined TiO2-slag series. QMM's FY2021 reserve is stated because it is a complete technical row; subsequent years are held when the exact technical row is not present in this retained set.

Boron and Jadar. Boron is an operating borates business with annual B2O3 production disclosures. Jadar is a Serbian development/care-and-maintenance estate. The FY2021 conditional capital decision and January 2022 permit event do not create production. Nor does Boron's small lithium-from-waste-rock demonstration make it commercial lithium production. These boundaries are material because the commodity word "lithium" appears in both historical contexts.

Diavik. The FY2021 ownership transaction is the reason the report retains both total and Rio-share carats. Later Diavik figures should not be force-converted to the FY2021 share basis without the relevant annual-report production note. Ore Reserves, Mineral Resources, annual carats and closure classification are each separate records. The approaching closure stated in FY2025 must not turn FY2024 into a zero year or make the FY2025 downgrade a production figure.

ERA/Ranger, Argyle, Gove and Panguna. These estates appear repeatedly because they carry closure, rehabilitation, provision, community or legacy-impact work. They are not omissions from the portfolio simply because they no longer represent conventional annual output. Argyle closed on 3 November 2020; the FY2021 report says its diamond production was Diavik-only. Gove is treated as a closure and refinery/residue rehabilitation lane. Panguna is legacy/stakeholder-impact context, not a Rio operating-production asset in this record.

Technical record: selected resource and reserve facts

Purpose and non-substitution rule

This is the complete asset register for the Rio Tinto FY2021–FY2025 record. It maps every physical mine, project, plant, rail, port, power/technology facility and closure estate covered by this report once. A row is not evidence that every item produced in every year. Blank / not separately extracted is not zero. Product-group, integrated-system, managed-operation, 100%-basis, Rio-share, consolidated and equity-accounted data are kept separate.

`FY21–FY25 lane` is a compact five-year evidence path, not a backfilled operating history. `MR/OR` means Mineral Resources / Ore Reserves. The register deliberately does not distribute Pilbara, aluminium, copper, lithium or group aggregate production to a named physical asset unless the relevant annual report provided that asset row and basis.

Source key

Register-wide accounting and comparison limits

• A property-schedule ownership percentage is a year-end legal/economic interest, not a production entitlement or operator designation unless both are expressly stated.
• `Rio operated / managed` means the annual report identifies Rio as operator or manager. It does not on its own establish full consolidation, and `non-managed` does not mean no economic interest.
• `MR/OR: not separately reported` means either the fixed asset is infrastructure/facility/technology/closure estate (where no mine MR/OR applies), or its individual technical row was not available in the cited annual reports. It never means nil resource/reserve.
• `Production: not separately reported` means no separate, compatible asset production row was reported. It never means nil production. Annual product, system or group totals are cited only as the source-published aggregate.
• Arcadium assets were not Rio Tinto-held FY2021–FY2024 operations. Their FY2025 rows retain the 6 March 2025 acquisition boundary; no historical Rio production or ownership is backcast.

A. Iron Ore — Pilbara mines, system and replacement projects

System boundary: FY21 319.7 Mt / FY22 324.1 Mt / FY25 327.3 Mt Pilbara production are 100%-basis integrated-system figures; none is allocated below. FY25 Pilbara rail, four terminals and power are supporting infrastructure rather than mines. Sources: AR21 business review and p.351; AR22 p.36; AR24 pp.24–25/p.275; AR25 pp.30–31/276–277; properties schedule from printed p.304 onward.

B. Iron Ore — Canada, Guinea logistics and salt

C. Aluminium — bauxite, alumina, smelting, casting and technology

Product boundary: Rio-share bauxite/alumina/aluminium totals are group product rows (FY21 54.3/7.9/3.2 Mt; FY22 54.618/7.544/3.009 Mt; FY24 58.653/7.303/3.296 Mt; FY25 62.400/7.593/3.380 Mt). They are not allocated to facilities below.

D. Lithium — brines, hard rock and processing chain

E. Copper — operating mines, processing and power infrastructure

F. Copper growth projects and technology

G. Other minerals, diamonds and closure/legacy estate

Register coverage reconciliation and unresolved holds

H.1 Explicit five-FY status matrix (row-level QA supplement)

This matrix replaces any range shorthand in the register above. `Not separately extracted` is a source-evidence state, not a claim of no activity. `Not in Rio portfolio` is used only for Arcadium assets before the 6 March 2025 completion boundary.

QA count: 109 physical-asset rows have an explicit five-FY status record in this supplement: 25 Pilbara/system + 11 Canada/Guinea/salt + 33 Aluminium + 13 Lithium + 9 copper operations + 4 copper growth/technology + 14 other/closure.

Coverage count

Coverage total: 25 + 11 + 33 + 13 + 9 + 4 + 14 = 109 rows.

Evidence limits and comparison boundaries

1. No fabricated per-asset five-year production table. Individual tonnes are present only where a specific annual-report row and basis was retained. Pilbara 100%-basis tonnes, aluminium/lithium product totals, group copper and IOC system output remain aggregates. 2. No replacement of mine data with facility or group data. Rail, ports, power, smelters, refineries, concentrators, material handling and technology lines have no mine production/MR/OR merely because they serve a mine or product chain. 3. Scope: The register includes Rio Tinto assets and projects only; it does not include third-party properties. 4. Ownership timing matters: Eastern Range changes in FY25; MRN changes after the FY23 acquisition; Boyne changes in Nov-2024; Diavik changed in Nov-2021; Oyu changed after the Dec-2022 TRQ transaction; Arcadium assets only enter Rio’s record from 6 Mar 2025. These cannot be normalised backward. 5. Technical values are reference-date and convention-specific. Brine resources may be inclusive of reserves; Ore Reserves are neither output nor an automatic subset that can be compared across unmatched annual tables. Where no matched asset/year/grade/interest disclosure is available, no value is reported. 6. Sources: Sources are linked to Rio Tinto annual reports and grouped by printed pages.

Safety record: reported outcomes and comparability boundaries

Rio describes the Safe Production System as part of operating performance in FY2025. That is recorded as the company's system description, not as evidence that the system caused any particular safety result. Similarly, a frequency-rate change is not treated here as proof of an intervention's effect.

Climate and emissions: preserve the reported basis

The emissions table is therefore a disclosure-history record, not a mechanically joined trend chart. It records the company target as a target and the reported annual number as an annual disclosure, with basis changes visible.

Heritage, communities, water and tailings

Closure, rehabilitation and legacy-estate record

Source notes

• FY2021: Rio Tinto 2021 Annual Report — production appendix p.351; Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves p.353; mines and production facilities pp.378–380; the available page references do not identify a separate printed-page boundary for every business-review fact.
• FY2022: Rio Tinto 2022 Annual Report — Minerals p.42; sustainability pp.46–75; financial-statement / closure-provision notes where the printed page was not preserved.
• FY2023: Rio Tinto 2023 Annual Report — Minerals pp.38–39; sustainability/closure pp.66–77; technical schedules pp.299–323.
• FY2024: Rio Tinto 2024 Annual Report — Minerals pp.30–31; ESG, safety and closure pp.35–86; production appendix p.275; technical schedules pp.277–301.
• FY2025: Rio Tinto 2025 Annual Report — Minerals pp.26–31; production appendix pp.276–277; resources/reserves pp.278–303; ESG, safety and closure pp.48–101. Official document host: Rio Tinto reports.

Evidence note. This is a transformed factual synthesis of cited Rio Tinto annual reports. It contains no valuation, price target, recommendation, probability estimate or assertion that a future company target will occur.

Official primary-source links and grouped document/page notes

• Rio Tinto annual reports and results — official report hub for FY2021–FY2025.
• Rio Tinto 2025 Annual Report — Group and product reviews pp. 4–31; safety, climate and closure pp. 48–101; production appendix pp. 276–277; Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves pp. 278–303.
• Rio Tinto 2024 Annual Report — Group and product reviews pp. 16–31; safety, climate and closure pp. 35–86; production appendix p. 275; technical schedules pp. 277–301.
• Rio Tinto 2023 Annual Report — Group and product reviews pp. 16–39; sustainability/closure pp. 66–77; technical schedules pp. 299–323.
• Rio Tinto 2022 Annual Report — Iron Ore pp. 32–36; Minerals pp. 42–43; sustainability pp. 46–75; production and technical appendices as grouped in the report.
• Rio Tinto 2021 Annual Report — business reviews; production appendix p. 351; Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves p. 353; mines and production facilities pp. 378–380.

Page references identify the document and printed-page lane used for the related grouped facts. They are navigation aids, not a claim that every fact on a section derives from one page. Where a source uses a different accounting, ownership, technical or reporting basis, that boundary is retained in the relevant section.

Active and extensive AI-use disclosure

AI tools were actively and extensively used and led substantial parts of evidence extraction, comparison, organisation, calculation, drafting, translation and presentation. Material claims were reviewed against the cited public-source lanes before publication; however, limitations in AI systems, source materials and review mean errors, omissions, translation differences, classification mistakes or inconsistencies may remain.

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